Bahia, Brasil WINGS Tour - Epilogue - 02 Nov 2023

Participants (l to r): Vicki Sandage Mark Miller, Sara Smith de Vasconcellos, Jerry Jourdan, Rich Hoyer, Jim Rowoth, and Jack and Janet Volker

My October 2023 birding trip to Bahia, Brasil was truly epic, exhausting, and memorable. Rich Hoyer, our WINGS tour leader was magnificent, and there are not enough superlatives that truly describe his knowledge, enthusiasm and ability to hear / spot birds during our 2-week jaunt through SE Brasil. I would finish the trip w/ ~375 species thanks to his (and the rest of the group) effort. Paulo, our driver and tour companion, was the guardian angel of the group and we are grateful for everything he did for us on and behind the scenes. 

I'm grateful most of all to Jack and Janet Volker for their company and willingness to allow me to tag along on their trip. They've become family to me.

Below is Rich's trip report that best summarizes the past 2 week'a adventure.

BRAZIL NORTHEAST: BAHIA

19 October-1 November 2023 With Rich Hoyer as leader

Tour Report

The Bahia, Brazil tour went beautifully year, with great birds, fabulous scenery, amazing wildlife, and a very harmonious and diligent group of participants. Our bird list of nearly 375 species will be hard to beat in the future, and it made my job enjoyable to have all the participants so vigilant and active in spotting birds and helping to get each other on everything. When it comes to choosing the favorite birds of the tour, it’s often a little challenging to remember back nearly two weeks, so the Indigo Macaw experience on our second day near Canudos clearly made a lasting impression. With around 40 birds raucously flying around in a picturesque sandstone canyon landscape, and several pairs perched and squabbling over potential nesting nooks, it was a side trip to the north of the state well worth the effort. Farther south, the Chapada Diamantina area, with its stunning landscapes and hyper-local distributions of strange plants and animals, gave up a few of its specialties, such as Sincora Antwren and Collared Crescentchest, and we lucked out with three species of tinamous seen, such as two Spotted Nothuras in the stunted shrubland south of Mucugê. The pair of Burrowing Owls at the Byzantine Cemetery right by town were also a big hit. Farther south yet, the area near Boa Nova offered an amazing contrast in the rapid transition of ecoregions from the dry Caatinga to the wet Atlantic rain forest, and here we enjoyed Swallow-tailed Hummingbird and Pygmy Nightjar in the former and Spot-breasted Antvireo and Striated Softtail in the latter – in birding sites only 25 minutes from each other. The moths, spiders, and plants at Serra Bonita reserve were spectacular, and the bird soundscape here was fabulous. We heard the amazing descending whistle songs of Sharpbill almost everywhere, so it wasn’t a surprise that we had great views of several; a big surprise though was getting great views of an Ash-throated Crake that inhabited the overgrown pasture of the farm located in the middle of the otherwise forested reserve. Our drives were often long between hotels, but we broke them up with quick stops at wet areas, a result of what had apparently been a late and abundant previous rainy season. By far the most exciting highlight at one of them was a stray Pinnated Bittern, far from its southern Brazil breeding distribution. We ended the tour at the tropical coastal resort town of Porto Seguro, sort of the Miami of Brazil, and the large, protected track of lowland forest of Estação Veracel added several nice endemics to the list. The main highlight here though was a pair of Mottled Owls (a likely split from Central American birds), one of which perched low in the understory much closer that we had originally thought.

Detail

While our first day might have been just written off as a travel day with no birding, we indeed saw some good stuff this day. A bathroom break at a random gas station that had some habitat behind it gave us an Aplomado Falcon perched distantly. We heard both Spotted Nothura in the field and a Fulvous-crowned Scrub-Tyrant very closely in the scrub where it belonged, but both remained invisible. We made a brief stop to look out the van windows at one roadside marsh which had Black-necked Stilt and Wattled Jacana among others, as well as for a single Spot-backed Puffbird perched on a powerline. Given that it was right along a main highway in the afternoon, we would surely see more while out birding on foot...but we never did. Upon arriving at our lodging right in the Indigo Macaw Reserve, we were greeted by a Black-throated Saltator. We spent the rest of the afternoon walking down a sandy wash that was surprisingly birdy given how dry the region looked. We had amazing views of the often secretive Red-shouldered Spinetail, a regional specialty. Black-bellied Antwren was a good find, while the more colorful Campo Troupial, Red-cowled Cardinal, and Cactus Parakeet showed well.

With a full day in the Canudos area, we really had one target, the Indigo Macaw, to which we devoted the first three hours of the day. Starting down the road well before light, we arrived at the cliffs right as the first macaws were starting to fly from the roosts but before it was light enough to see the trail clearly. A distant Least Nighthawk called, and that would be the only one for the tour. After it got light enough to see, we walked to the cliff's edge where the macaws were a truly spectacular experience in an equally marvelous setting. Some 20 pairs flew around, cavorted, argued over potential nesting sites, and socialized as they must do every day. Blue-crowned Parakeets, Cactus Parakeets, and Turquoise-fronted Parrots added to the cacophony, which a Black-chested Buzzed-Eagle looked upon with desire. On the way to breakfast we birded the dry woodland where a Stripe-backed Antbird gave us unusually good views. After breakfast we birded the same habitat looking for more of the regional specialties and admiring the many species of cactus in such varied shapes and sizes. The tiny pink flowers of the Melocactus zehntneri were a surprising nectar source for the Glittering-bellied Hummingbird, but even more surprising was the nearly invisible flowers of one of the dusty roadside bromeliads which sustained a Broad-tipped Hermit that gave great views. We found Silver- cheeked Antshrike, the red-eyed Barred Antshrike, and a Short-tailed Hawk in the later morning before retreating to town for lunch. We checked the reservoir behind town where Snail Kite, White-faced Whistling- Duck, and Bahia Wagtail-Tyrant were the better finds. After an afternoon siesta, we birded back through the caatinga, seeing White-naped Jays and more Red-shouldered Spinetails before ending at dusk by a cliff overlook. Here we heard a distant Band-winged Nightjar calling which before long became a very close pair of Band-winged Nightjars on the rocks just a few yards away. On the trudge back to the van, we flushed a male Scissor-tailed Nightjar, but it vanished before everyone could get on it. The tracks in the sand were fun to explore, and after dark the formidable-looking bullet ant relative Dinoponera was out hunting, presumably looking for termites.

Another driving day – and what would prove to be an extraordinarily long one at that – should have been devoted to just driving and no birding, but that would be no fun. The day ended with about 75 species, and every stop was worth the time. Maybe we could have given up the early morning birding by the lodge, but it was amazingly birdy down the sandy wash, with many Red-shouldered Spinetails in the open, Cobalt-rumped Parrotlets showing nicely, a Striped-breasted Starthroat, and a Broad-tipped Hermit for our hummingbirds of the day, and a Long-billed Wren that showed its namesake well. Just as breakfast was being served calls of a King Vulture came from one of the lodge workers, and we rushed out to see it soaring over the dry caatinga and sandstone cliffs. Stops along the long drive to Lençóis were for stretching as much as birding. At our first such stop, Variable Oriole and a very close Green-barred Woodpecker were highlights. A noisy group of Chestnut-capped Blackbirds and Southern Pochards were highlights on the outskirts of Capim Grosso, but we couldn't ignore the many egrets and night-herons, the group of Wood Storks, and of course White-headed Marsh-Tyrant. Brazilian Teal joined the White-headed Whistling-Ducks at our last roadside pond stop before we had to make the rubber hit the road to avoid getting in too late.

Our first morning out of Lençóis was spent south of the town of Palmeiras, where many caatinga specialties awaited us. Planalto Slaty-Antshrike came early on, becoming lifer #5000 for Mark. Silvery-cheeked Antshrike and East Brazilian Chachalaca were among the many fun birds at the first stop, and while working our way up the river valley we added Ultramarine Grosbeak and Great Xenops. A Tropical Screech-Owl perched in plain sight was mobbed by a Black-capped Antwren, but that pesky São Francisco Sparrow never did make a squeak. Farther down the road we had good views of a Collared Crescentchest. In the late afternoon we birded a road close to our hotel where blooming heartseed vines were attractive to many hummers, including Ruby-topaz Hummingbird. We stayed until dark, hearing several Rufous Nightjars and Yellow-legged Tinamous and calling in our second Tropical Screech-Owl of the day.

On our second morning from Lençóis we birded the road where we had ended the previous day, where Frilled Coquette and a pair of Crested Becards were good finds. A Reddish Hermit came in very close to inspect a few in the group as well. On our way to the Morro do Pai Inacio area, we were caught up again in the roadworks that slowed us down, but a Planalto Hermit inspecting very inch of the tanker truck stopped in line in front of us wouldn't have made it to the list otherwise. Our first try for Sincora Antwren brought us Small-headed Elaenia and Spix's Spinetail, and we then left just enough time at the Morro to connect with a very cooperative Pale-throated Pampa-Finch and a pair of lovely Hepatic Tanagers. Curious Guira Cuckoos were at our hotel, and a Masked Water-Tyrant was just upstream at the bridge by our lunch restaurant. We completed the relatively short drive to our Mucugê hotel in time to bird the fascinating habitats in the rock and sandy areas north of town. It was very quiet, but a single Gray-eyed Greenlet showed very well.

The caatinga south of Mucugê was very active. First birding the very short scrub on sandy soil, we quickly found the signature Rufous-sided Scrub-Tyrants. Scanning the airstrip on a whim amazingly produced a Red- winged Tinamou walking out in the open. Other memorable birds in this habitat included Wedge-tailed Grass- Finch and the shrike-like White-banded Tanager. Pushing our luck with the tinamous, we casually tried for Spotted Nothura and to our surprise two appeared out of the scrub. At one point, a White-rumped Swallow

flew at us and continued north, presumably a spring migrant. We walked the nearby forest trail where two Hangnest Tody-Tyrants appeared at very close range, and while most of us were taunted by the song of a White-browed Antpitta, at least three people were lucky to get either glimpses or good views. The last bird of the morning was a pair of adorable Rusty-backed Antwrens before we went back to the hotel, with a short stop at the Byzantine cemetery and its very confiding pair of Burrowing Owls at their nest. In the afternoon we enjoyed amazing views of Biscutate Swifts whizzing by in amazing light before we wandered down the road to a trusty territory of the super local Diamantina Tapaculo. After seeing that bird well, we were entertained by a boisterous flock of beautiful Gilt-edged Tanagers.

Sincora Antwren was our main target for our early morning birding. Before that we were distracted by a White-bellied Nothura that our driver Paulo spotted walking down the sidewalk at the edge of town. We watched it for a couple minutes as it crossed the road, was flushed by a passing car, then came back out again. When we arrived at the trailhead, we thought we had the targeted antwren right away, but it turned out to be the visually extremely similar but vocally very different Black-bellied Antwren, slightly out of habitat. With it

was a Southern Yellowthroat and a visible (finally) Fulvous-crowned Scrub-Tyrant. It wasn't long before we had amazing views of a pair of Sincora Antwrens a very short and pleasant walk down the trail. Another highlight from here was a Sharp-shinned Hawk that flew over early on our walk. As we were leaving it flew over again back the way it came with some food item in its talons; breakfast for the babies, presumably. We then faced a long drive to Boa Nova, with only brief birding stops that yielded Fork-tailed Flycatcher, Savanna Hawk on a nest, and Wing-banded Horneros, as well as a tremendous, deafening downpour during our lunch break, the area’s first of the season (and the only rain we would see in two weeks). After checking in to our hotel, we birded some habitat nearby where we lucked into a pair of the town's mascot, Slender Antbird. Sapphire- spangled Emeralds were guarding their food source, here the pink flowers of Melocactus ernestii, and we called in a very adorable White-crested Tyrannulet.

We departed early for a morning of birding in the very different wet forest, but darn it, birds right along the road made us stop before we got there. Two blooming Inga trees right next to the highway were the attraction, and a gorgeous male Ruby-topaz Hummingbird finally made it on everyone's list. After tallying quite a few more things here, we got to our first humid forest habitat of the tour, amazingly only 20 minutes down the road. Atlantic Black-throated Trogon (fresh from the splitting block), Striated Softtail, Gray-hooded Attila, and Frilled Coquette were just a few of the more memorable sightings from this amazing five hours of birding (just shy of 100 species). In the late afternoon we viewed Slender Antbird once again in its distinctive, viny and terrestrial bromeliad-choked habitat. Nearby we got invited to a private ranch with some unusual open rocky habitat where Swallow-tailed Hummingbirds dominated the blooming cactuses and bromeliads. The best find here was a pair of the incredibly well-camouflaged Pygmy Nightjars.

A bit of early morning birding near Boa Nova before our onward drive was very busy, with Orange-headed Tanager right on the main highway where we stopped first to catch everyone up on Yellow-browed Tyrants – and where we also saw a pair of Blackish Rails walking out in the open. We had to beat away the Southern Mouse-colored Tyrannulets with a stick and thereby were able to spot a furtive Fuscous Flycatcher in the thickets, and Pale Baywings were a good addition here. The drive to Serra Bonita wasn't too long, and breaking it up with stops that resulted in a Zone-tailed Hawk, a very unexpected Pinnated Bittern, and a more expected but still amazing Least Pygmy-Owl made it seem shorter. We arrived at our home up on the mountain of Serra Bonita for the next three nights with some quality afternoon birding time. Sharpbill was a surprise sitting in a tree right by our rooms, and the overlook nearby was really busy with tanagers, a White-throated Spadebill, and an in-your-face White-chinned Sapphire.

The morning dawned foggy at the top of the hill, so we took the trucks down to bird the lower elevations of the entrance road. White-shouldered Fire-eye and Green-backed Trogon were among the more memorable birds there, but it was also a morning for cavity nesters – Black-necked Aracari, Yellow-throated Woodpecker (here with a red throat), and Yellow-fronted Woodpeckers were all spied poking their heads out of dead trees. After our first Mantled Hawk soared over, we returned to the cooler higher elevations where the birding continued to be good. A family group of Striated Softtails chattered away, multiple Sharpbills made themselves visible, a Swallow-tailed Manakin male showed off, and a hard-to-find Bahia Tyrannulet came down out of the canopy. After lunch we enjoyed Spot-billed Toucanets at the fruit, and two pairs of Buff-throated Purpletufts were super lucky finds.

We started our second full day at Serra Bonita near our rooms, where bird activity was high and included the local Plumbeous Antvireo. Spot-billed Toucanets were also in the trees nearby, the male teeter-tottering as he croaked his song. We then tried out a trail above the antenna road where we found yet another Bahia Tyrannulet while finding a Pale-browed Treehunter, a lovely orchid, and some stunning bromeliads. A Lemon- chested Greenlet was in one of the mixed flocks with groups of the stunning Green-headed Tanagers and a Chestnut-bellied Euphonia. Back at the lodge's feeders, Sombre Hummingbird was finally seen well by all. In the afternoon we walked down the road, where a White-shouldered Fire-eye hopped out in the open. We were surprised to hear an Ash-throated Crake in the overgrown fields halfway down, but we gave it a shot and ended up getting decent views of this skulky rail.

Before leaving the Serra Bonita area we birded the lowest elevations of the reserve where White-eyed Parakeet was a bit of a surprise and Peach-fronted Parakeets showed well. The Banded Cotinga didn't appear during our vigil at Fazenda Paris, but we did get Black-tailed Tityra, Bright-rumped Attila, White-chinned Sapphire, and Black-necked Aracari here. A quick check at a nearby marsh produced the hoped-for Black- capped Donacobius right along the road. The drive to the coast at Porto Seguro passed by quickly enough.

Afternoon birding by the mangroves was windy and noisy with traffic, but we still managed to pull out Bicolored Conebills. At the Veracel Reserve we had just enough light to see some daytime birds, including a White-flanked Antwren, and then as it got dark, we had lots of owl activity. A pair of Mottled Owls came in quite close and low, but the two Pulsatrix sp. species that could have been either Tawny-browed or Spectacled stayed out of sight, and a Black-capped Screech-Owl may have been spooked by the larger predators. It was still fantastic to hear their amazing vocalizations.

On our final morning, we returned to the Veracel reserve where we picked up several new birds. Sooretama Slaty-Antshrike and Band-tailed Antwren were two of our main targets, and along the way some people caught up with White-winged Becard and Dubois's Seedeater. Manakins and hummingbirds were quite diverse here, highlights being Blue-backed Manakin and Rufous-throated Sapphire, the latter seen performing an amazing sputtering display flight. Any calling Celeus woodpecker here is worth having a closer look, and we ended up getting great views of a Blond-crested Woodpecker, seeing the mostly black back with just some paler scaling. Not to be forgotten amongst all the votes for favorite birds that reflect some of the prettiest and rarest, the Bananaquit, known in Brazil as cambaçica, finally gets a mention for being a charismatic and constant presence in so many of the habitats during this fabulous tour.

-Rich Hoyer

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BIRD AND CRITTER LISTS

Column A: Number of days this species was recorded on the 2023 tour

Column B: Maximum daily count for this species on the 2023 tour

Column C: H = heard only; N = Nesting

	B	C	D
Little Tinamou	1	2	H	Crypturellus soui
Brown Tinamou	4	6	H	Crypturellus obsoletus
Yellow-legged Tinamou	3	3	H	Crypturellus noctivagus
Variegated Tinamou	1	1	H	Crypturellus variegatus
Small-billed Tinamou	3	1	H	Crypturellus parvirostris
Red-winged Tinamou	2	4		Rhynchotus rufescens
White-bellied Nothura	1	2		Nothura boraquira
Spotted Nothura	3	2		Nothura maculosa
White-faced Whistling-Duck	4	52		Dendrocygna viduata
Brazilian Teal	3	12		Amazonetta brasiliensis
White-cheeked Pintail	1	125		Anas bahamensis
Southern Pochard	1	16		Netta erythrophthalma
East Brazilian Chachalaca	4	5		Ortalis araucuan
Least Grebe	2	8		Tachybaptus dominicus
Pied-billed Grebe	4	5		Podilymbus podiceps
Rock Pigeon (Feral Pigeon)	4	25		Columba livia
Pale-vented Pigeon	4	1		Patagioenas cayennensis
Picazuro Pigeon	5	8		Patagioenas picazuro
Plumbeous Pigeon	2	5		Patagioenas plumbea
Ruddy Ground Dove	5	15		Columbina talpacoti
Scaled Dove	4	3		Columbina squammata
Picui Ground Dove	6	45		Columbina picui
Ruddy Quail-Dove	3	4		Geotrygon montana
Gray-fronted Dove	1	1	H	Leptotila rufaxilla
Eared Dove	2	20		Zenaida auriculata
Guira Cuckoo	7	6		Guira guira
Smooth-billed Ani	10	10		Crotophaga ani
Striped Cuckoo	4	2		Tapera naevia
Squirrel Cuckoo	6	4		Piaya cayana
Least Nighthawk	1	1	H	Chordeiles pusillus
Short-tailed Nighthawk	4	4		Lurocalis semitorquatus
Pygmy Nightjar	1	2		Nyctipolus hirundinaceus
Band-winged Nightjar	1	2		Systellura longirostris
Common Pauraque	5	3		Nyctidromus albicollis
Scissor-tailed Nightjar	1	1		Hydropsalis torquata

Rufous Nightjar	1	4	H	Antrostomus rufus
Biscutate Swift	4	1115		Streptoprocne biscutata
Gray-rumped Swift	5	8		Chaetura cinereiventris
Sick's Swift	4	3		Chaetura meridionalis
Fork-tailed Palm Swift	1	1		Tachornis squamata
Black Jacobin	3	1		Florisuga fusca
Rufous-breasted Hermit	2	3		Glaucis hirsutus
Broad-tipped Hermit	4	3		Anopetia gounellei
Reddish Hermit	5	2		Phaethornis ruber
Planalto Hermit	1	1		Phaethornis pretrei
White-vented Violetear	1	1		Colibri serrirostris
Black-eared Fairy	1	1		Heliothryx auritus
Ruby-topaz Hummingbird	4	5		Chrysolampis mosquitus
Black-throated Mango	2	1		Anthracothorax nigricollis
Frilled Coquette	3	1		Lophornis magnificus
Stripe-breasted Starthroat	2	1		Heliomaster squamosus
Amethyst Woodstar	2	1		Calliphlox amethystina
Glittering-bellied Emerald	8	7		Chlorostilbon lucidus
Violet-capped Woodnymph	6	7		Thalurania glaucopis
Swallow-tailed Hummingbird	6	6		Eupetomena macroura
Sombre Hummingbird	3	4		Eupetomena cirrochloris
Versicolored Emerald	1	5		Chrysuronia versicolor
Plain-bellied Emerald	1	3		Chrysuronia leucogaster
Glittering-throated Emerald	2	22		Chionomesa fimbriata
Sapphire-spangled Emerald	2	2		Chionomesa lactea
Rufous-throated Sapphire	2	3		Hylocharis sapphirina
White-chinned Sapphire	4	4		Chlorestes cyanus
Blue-chinned Sapphire	2	4		Chlorestes notata
Blackish Rail	2	6	N	Pardirallus nigricans
Ash-throated Crake	2	1		Mustelirallus albicollis
Common Gallinule	6	37		Gallinula galeata
Purple Gallinule	3	2		Porphyrio martinica
Russet-crowned Crake	1	4	H	Rufirallus viridis
Black-necked Stilt	2	40		Himantopus mexicanus
Southern Lapwing (cayennensis)	8	65		Vanellus chilensis
Wattled Jacana	6	55		Jacana jacana
Solitary Sandpiper	1	1		Tringa solitaria
Greater Yellowlegs	2	4		Tringa melanoleuca
Wood Stork	1	30		Mycteria americana
Neotropic Cormorant	4	18		Nannopterum brasilianum
Pinnated Bittern	1	1		Botaurus pinnatus
Yellow-crowned Night Heron	2	1		Nyctanassa violacea

Black-crowned Night Heron	1	25		Nycticorax nycticorax
Little Blue Heron	2	10		Egretta caerulea
Snowy Egret	4	25		Egretta thula
Striated Heron	5	3		Butorides striata
Western Cattle Egret	5	50		Bubulcus ibis
Great Egret	8	61		Ardea alba
King Vulture	4	2		Sarcoramphus papa
Black Vulture	13	75		Coragyps atratus
Turkey Vulture (Tropical)	10	20		Cathartes aura
Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture	11	10		Cathartes burrovianus
White-tailed Kite	2	1		Elanus leucurus
Gray-headed Kite	1	1		Leptodon cayanensis
Black Hawk-Eagle	1	1	H	Spizaetus tyrannus
Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle	1	1		Spizaetus melanoleucus
Snail Kite	2	4		Rostrhamus sociabilis
Double-toothed Kite	3	2		Harpagus bidentatus
Plumbeous Kite	1	1		Ictinia plumbea
Sharp-shinned Hawk (Rufous-thighed)	1	1	N	Accipiter striatus
Savanna Hawk	1	2	N	Buteogallus meridionalis
Roadside Hawk	9	3		Rupornis magnirostris
White-tailed Hawk	2	2		Geranoaetus albicaudatus
Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle	2	1		Geranoaetus melanoleucus
Mantled Hawk	2	5		Pseudastur polionotus
Short-tailed Hawk	2	1		Buteo brachyurus
Zone-tailed Hawk	2	2		Buteo albonotatus
Tropical Screech-Owl	2	2		Megascops choliba
Black-capped Screech-Owl	3	2	H	Megascops atricapilla
Spectacled/Tawny-browed Owl Pulsatrix sp.	1	2	H	Pulsatrix sp
Least Pygmy-Owl	4	5		Glaucidium minutissimum
Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl	2	1		Glaucidium brasilianum
Burrowing Owl	5	2	N	Athene cunicularia
Mottled Owl	1	2		Strix virgata
Green-backed Trogon	4	6		Trogon viridis
Surucua Trogon	5	5		Trogon surrucura
Atlantic Black-throated Trogon	3	2		Trogon chrysochloros
Ringed Kingfisher	3	1		Megaceryle torquata
Green Kingfisher	2	1		Chloroceryle americana
Spot-backed Puffbird	1	1		Nystalus maculatus
Crescent-chested Puffbird	1	1		Malacoptila striata
Swallow-winged Puffbird	2	4		Chelidoptera tenebrosa
Rufous-tailed Jacamar	2	3		Galbula ruficauda
Black-necked Aracari	3	5	N	Pteroglossus aracari

Spot-billed Toucanet	3	4		Selenidera maculirostris
Channel-billed Toucan (Ariel)	3	1		Ramphastos vitellinus
Golden-spangled Piculet (Pernambuco)	1	1		Picumnus exilis
Spotted Piculet	6	3		Picumnus pygmaeus
Yellow-fronted Woodpecker	1	2	N	Melanerpes flavifrons
Little Woodpecker	3	2		Dryobates passerinus
Red-stained Woodpecker	1	1		Dryobates affinis
Lineated Woodpecker	1	1	H	Dryocopus lineatus
Blond-crested Woodpecker	1	1		Celeus flavescens
Yellow-throated Woodpecker	4	2	N	Piculus flavigula
Green-barred Woodpecker	3	2		Colaptes melanochloros
Campo Flicker	3	2		Colaptes campestris
Red-legged Seriema	1	2	H	Cariama cristata
Laughing Falcon	3	3		Herpetotheres cachinnans
Crested Caracara (Southern)	11	50		Caracara plancus
Yellow-headed Caracara	5	4		Daptrius chimachima
American Kestrel	6	4		Falco sparverius
Aplomado Falcon	3	1		Falco femoralis
Plain Parakeet	5	8		Brotogeris tirica
Blue-headed Parrot (Reichenow's)	1	1		Pionus menstruus
Red-browed Parrot	1	2		Amazona rhodocorytha
Turquoise-fronted Parrot	3	6		Amazona aestiva
Cobalt-rumped Parrotlet	6	8		Forpus xanthopterygius
Maroon-bellied Parakeet	5	12		Pyrrhura frontalis
Maroon-faced Parakeet	1	12		Pyrrhura leucotis
Indigo Macaw	2	40		Anodorhynchus leari
Peach-fronted Parakeet	3	40		Eupsittula aurea
Cactus Parakeet	9	20		Eupsittula cactorum
Golden-capped Parakeet	4	33		Aratinga auricapillus
Blue-winged Macaw	1	2		Primolius maracana
Blue-crowned Parakeet	3	105		Thectocercus acuticaudatus
White-eyed Parakeet	1	5		Psittacara leucophthalmus
Spot-backed Antshrike	2	4		Hypoedaleus guttatus
Tufted Antshrike	1	1		Mackenziaena severa
Great Antshrike	5	3		Taraba major
Silvery-cheeked Antshrike	7	8		Sakesphoroides cristatus
Caatinga Antwren	3	2		Radinopsyche sellowi
Barred Antshrike (Caatinga)	3	6		Thamnophilus doliatus
Rufous-winged Antshrike	3	3		Thamnophilus torquatus
Chestnut-backed Antshrike	2	2		Thamnophilus palliatus
Planalto Slaty-Antshrike	4	4		Thamnophilus pelzelni
Sooretama Slaty-Antshrike	1	4		Thamnophilus ambiguus

Variable Antshrike	1	3		Thamnophilus caerulescens
Star-throated Antwren	1	1		Rhopias gularis
Spot-breasted Antvireo	3	5		Dysithamnus stictothorax
Plumbeous Antvireo	1	2		Dysithamnus plumbeus
Cinereous Antshrike	1	1		Thamnomanes caesius
White-flanked Antwren (Silvery-flanked)	2	2		Myrmotherula axillaris
Band-tailed Antwren	1	2		Myrmotherula urosticta
Stripe-backed Antbird	4	3		Myrmorchilus strigilatus
Bahia Antwren	1	3		Herpsilochmus pileatus
Black-capped Antwren	2	1		Herpsilochmus atricapillus
Rufous-margined Antwren	3	6		Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus
Narrow-billed Antwren	3	3		Formicivora iheringi
Black-bellied Antwren	5	2		Formicivora melanogaster
Rusty-backed Antwren	1	2		Formicivora rufa
Sincora Antwren	1	2		Formicivora grantsaui
Ferruginous Antbird	1	1	H	Drymophila ferruginea
Scaled Antbird	1	2		Drymophila squamata
Streak-capped Antwren	1	1	H	Terenura maculata
White-shouldered Fire-eye	4	4		Pyriglena leucoptera
Slender Antbird	2	2		Rhopornis ardesiacus
Collared Crescentchest	3	3		Melanopareia torquata
Rufous Gnateater	3	1		Conopophaga lineata
Variegated Antpitta	3	4	H	Grallaria varia
White-browed Antpitta	1	2		Hylopezus ochroleucus
Diamantina Tapaculo	1	1		Scytalopus diamantinensis
Olivaceous Woodcreeper	2	1		Sittasomus griseicapillus
Plain-winged Woodcreeper	3	5		Dendrocincla turdina
Planalto Woodcreeper	2	1		Dendrocolaptes platyrostris
White-throated Woodcreeper	1	2		Xiphocolaptes albicollis
Lesser Woodcreeper	5	6		Xiphorhynchus fuscus
Buff-throated Woodcreeper	2	1		Xiphorhynchus guttatus
Narrow-billed Woodcreeper	3	1		Lepidocolaptes angustirostris
Streaked Xenops	5	2		Xenops rutilans
Wing-banded Hornero	2	2		Furnarius figulus
Pale-legged Hornero	1	2	H	Furnarius leucopus
Rufous Hornero	5	5		Furnarius rufus
Sharp-tailed Streamcreeper	1	1		Lochmias nematura
Great Xenops	1	2		Megaxenops parnaguae
Pale-browed Treehunter	3	3		Cichlocolaptes leucophrus
Buff-fronted Foliage-gleaner	1	1		Dendroma rufa
White-eyed Foliage-gleaner	4	2		Automolus leucophthalmus
Rufous-fronted Thornbird	4	4		Phacellodomus rufifrons

Striated Softtail	4	8		Thripophaga macroura
Pallid Spinetail	4	3		Cranioleuca pallida
Caatinga Cacholote	5	8		Pseudoseisura cristata
Yellow-chinned Spinetail	2	4		Certhiaxis cinnamomeus
Red-shouldered Spinetail	3	6		Synallaxis hellmayri
Bahia Spinetail	2	4		Synallaxis cinerea
Spix's Spinetail	2	2		Synallaxis spixi
Pale-breasted Spinetail	2	2		Synallaxis albescens
Sooty-fronted Spinetail	4	2		Synallaxis frontalis
Blue-backed Manakin	2	3		Chiroxiphia pareola
Swallow-tailed Manakin	3	5		Chiroxiphia caudata
Pin-tailed Manakin	2	2		Ilicura militaris
White-bearded Manakin	2	3		Manacus manacus
White-crowned Manakin	1	1		Pseudopipra pipra
Red-headed Manakin	1	3		Ceratopipra rubrocapilla
White-winged Cotinga	2	4		Xipholena atropurpurea
Black-tailed Tityra	2	2		Tityra cayana
Buff-throated Purpletuft	1	4		Iodopleura pipra
Green-backed Becard	1	1		Pachyramphus viridis
Chestnut-crowned Becard	3	4	N	Pachyramphus castaneus
White-winged Becard	3	2		Pachyramphus polychopterus
Black-capped Becard	1	1		Pachyramphus marginatus
Crested Becard	2	2		Pachyramphus validus
Sharpbill	4	7		Oxyruncus cristatus
Whiskered Flycatcher	1	1		Myiobius barbatus
White-throated Spadebill	2	1		Platyrinchus mystaceus
Sepia-capped Flycatcher	4	4		Leptopogon amaurocephalus
Bahia Tyrannulet	2	1		Phylloscartes beckeri
Drab-breasted Pygmy-Tyrant	3	2		Hemitriccus diops
Hangnest Tody-Tyrant	2	2		Hemitriccus nidipendulus
Pearly-vented Tody-Tyrant	7	8	N	Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer
Fork-tailed Pygmy-Tyrant	1	1		Hemitriccus furcatus
Ochre-faced Tody-Flycatcher	1	1		Poecilotriccus plumbeiceps
Gray-headed Tody-Flycatcher	4	5		Todirostrum poliocephalum
Common Tody-Flycatcher	9	4	N	Todirostrum cinereum
Yellow-olive Flatbill	3	8	N	Tolmomyias sulphurescens
Gray-crowned Flatbill	1	1	H	Tolmomyias poliocephalus
Ochre-lored Flatbill	6	7		Tolmomyias flaviventris
Cliff Flycatcher	6	3		Hirundinea ferruginea
White-lored Tyrannulet	1	1		Ornithion inerme
Southern Beardless-Tyrannulet	5	4		Camptostoma obsoletum
Southern Mouse-colored Tyrannulet	4	16		Nesotriccus murinus

Yellow Tyrannulet	2	4	Capsiempis flaveola
Gray-headed Elaenia	2	2	Myiopagis caniceps
Greenish Elaenia	1	1	Myiopagis viridicata
Plain-crested Elaenia	2	7	Elaenia cristata
Small-headed Elaenia	2	1	Elaenia sordida
Yellow-bellied Elaenia	6	4	Elaenia flavogaster
Large Elaenia	1	2	Elaenia spectabilis
White-crested Tyrannulet	3	2	Serpophaga subcristata
Planalto Tyrannulet	6	3	Phyllomyias fasciatus
Fulvous-crowned Scrub-Tyrant	4	3	Euscarthmus meloryphus
Rufous-sided Scrub-Tyrant	1	6	Euscarthmus rufomarginatus
Bahia Wagtail-Tyrant	5	3	Stigmatura bahiae
Bran-colored Flycatcher	6	3	Myiophobus fasciatus
Euler's Flycatcher	4	3	Lathrotriccus euleri
Southern Tropical Pewee	5	3	Contopus cinereus
Fuscous Flycatcher	1	1	Cnemotriccus fuscatus
Southern Scrub-Flycatcher	3	3	Sublegatus modestus
Velvety Black-Tyrant	1	1	Knipolegus nigerrimus
Yellow-browed Tyrant	2	2	Satrapa icterophrys
White Monjita	4	2	Xolmis irupero
White-headed Marsh Tyrant	3	5	Arundinicola leucocephala
Masked Water-Tyrant	9	8	Fluvicola nengeta
Long-tailed Tyrant	2	7	Colonia colonus
Gray-hooded Attila	4	4	Attila rufus
Bright-rumped Attila	1	1	Attila spadiceus
Grayish Mourner	5	2	Rhytipterna simplex
Swainson's Flycatcher	1	5	Myiarchus swainsoni
Short-crested Flycatcher	1	3	Myiarchus ferox
Brown-crested Flycatcher	5	4	Myiarchus tyrannulus
Cattle Tyrant	4	2	Machetornis rixosa
Great Kiskadee	12	10	Pitangus sulphuratus
Boat-billed Flycatcher	6	4	Megarynchus pitangua
Social Flycatcher	10	5	Myiozetetes similis
Streaked Flycatcher	4	2	Myiodynastes maculatus
Piratic Flycatcher	1	1	Legatus leucophaius
Variegated Flycatcher	6	4	Empidonomus varius
Tropical Kingbird	13	10	Tyrannus melancholicus
Fork-tailed Flycatcher	3	2	Tyrannus savana
Rufous-browed Peppershrike	11	5	Cyclarhis gujanensis
Gray-eyed Greenlet	4	2	Hylophilus amaurocephalus
Lemon-chested Greenlet	1	2	Hylophilus thoracicus
Chivi Vireo	1	3	Vireo chivi

White-naped Jay	3	8		Cyanocorax cyanopogon
Black-capped Donacobius	1	1		Donacobius atricapilla
White-winged Swallow	5	6	N	Tachycineta albiventer
White-rumped Swallow	1	1		Tachycineta leucorrhoa
Purple Martin	1	1		Progne subis
Gray-breasted Martin	9	10		Progne chalybea
Brown-chested Martin	7	8		Progne tapera
Southern Rough-winged Swallow	7	6		Stelgidopteryx ruficollis
Blue-and-white Swallow	8	9		Pygochelidon cyanoleuca
Tropical Gnatcatcher	9	11		Polioptila plumbea
House Wren	12	5		Troglodytes aedon
Thrush-like Wren	3	4		Campylorhynchus turdinus
Moustached Wren	7	4		Pheugopedius genibarbis
Long-billed Wren	6	4		Cantorchilus longirostris
Chalk-browed Mockingbird	8	15		Mimus saturninus
Tropical Mockingbird	2	2		Mimus gilvus
Rufous-brown Solitaire	4	6		Cichlopsis leucogenys
Pale-breasted Thrush	7	5		Turdus leucomelas
Yellow-legged Thrush	3	2		Turdus flavipes
White-necked Thrush (Rufous-flanked)	3	6		Turdus albicollis
Rufous-bellied Thrush	7	13		Turdus rufiventris
Creamy-bellied Thrush	5	3		Turdus amaurochalinus
Common Waxbill	1	1		Estrilda astrild
House Sparrow	9	50		Passer domesticus
Blue-naped Chlorophonia	2	3		Chlorophonia cyanea
Purple-throated Euphonia	5	5	N	Euphonia chlorotica
Violaceous Euphonia	5	10		Euphonia violacea
Orange-bellied Euphonia	4	10		Euphonia xanthogaster
Chestnut-bellied Euphonia	2	2		Euphonia pectoralis
Grassland Sparrow	2	2		Ammodramus humeralis
Pectoral Sparrow	1	1		Arremon taciturnus
Rufous-collared Sparrow	8	14	N	Zonotrichia capensis
Yellow-rumped Cacique	2	8		Cacicus cela
Red-rumped Cacique	4	8		Cacicus haemorrhous
Campo Troupial	10	4		Icterus jamacaii
Shiny Cowbird	6	36		Molothrus bonariensis
Giant Cowbird	2	2		Molothrus oryzivorus
Chopi Blackbird	7	20		Gnorimopsar chopi
Pale Baywing	2	10		Agelaioides fringillarius
Chestnut-capped Blackbird	5	75		Chrysomus ruficapillus
Southern Yellowthroat	3	1		Geothlypis velata
Tropical Parula	5	5		Setophaga pitiayumi

Golden-crowned Warbler	4	6		Basileuterus culicivorus
Flavescent Warbler	6	4		Myiothlypis flaveola
Hepatic Tanager	1	2		Piranga flava
Red-crowned Ant-Tanager	4	6		Habia rubica
Yellow-green Grosbeak	5	2		Caryothraustes canadensis
Ultramarine Grosbeak	4	3		Cyanoloxia brissonii
Red-cowled Cardinal	8	11		Paroaria dominicana
Cinnamon Tanager	4	3		Schistochlamys ruficapillus
Magpie Tanager	1	2	H	Cissopis leverianus
White-banded Tanager	1	2		Neothraupis fasciata
Hooded Tanager	1	2		Nemosia pileata
Orange-headed Tanager	1	2		Thlypopsis sordida
Flame-crested Tanager	2	4		Loriotus cristatus
White-lined Tanager	5	6		Tachyphonus rufus
Sayaca Tanager	12	8		Thraupis sayaca
Golden-chevroned Tanager	5	6		Thraupis ornata
Palm Tanager	7	10		Thraupis palmarum
Burnished-buff Tanager	10	14		Stilpnia cayana
White-bellied Tanager	1	5		Tangara brasiliensis
Green-headed Tanager	4	35		Tangara seledon
Red-necked Tanager	4	21		Tangara cyanocephala
Gilt-edged Tanager	2	12		Tangara cyanoventris
Blue Dacnis	9	10		Dacnis cayana
Red-legged Honeycreeper	5	8		Cyanerpes cyaneus
Green Honeycreeper	5	14		Chlorophanes spiza
Guira Tanager	2	6		Hemithraupis guira
Rufous-headed Tanager	4	7		Hemithraupis ruficapilla
Bicolored Conebill	2	2		Conirostrum bicolor
Chestnut-vented Conebill	4	4		Conirostrum speciosum
Stripe-tailed Yellow-Finch	1	4		Sicalis citrina
Saffron Finch	3	20		Sicalis flaveola
Grassland Yellow-Finch	2	250		Sicalis luteola
Wedge-tailed Grass-Finch	1	1		Emberizoides herbicola
Pale-throated Pampa-Finch	1	2		Embernagra longicauda
Blue-black Grassquit	7	23		Volatinia jacarina
White-bellied Seedeater	1	1		Sporophila leucoptera
Yellow-bellied Seedeater	3	3		Sporophila nigricollis
Dubois's Seedeater	2	2		Sporophila ardesiaca
Plumbeous Seedeater	1	2		Sporophila plumbea
White-throated Seedeater	4	3		Sporophila albogularis
Pileated Finch	7	15		Coryphospingus pileatus
Bananaquit	13	10		Coereba flaveola

Black-throated Saltator	4	4	Saltatricula atricollis
Buff-throated Saltator	5	5	Saltator maximus
Green-winged Saltator	4	4	Saltator similis
Black-throated Grosbeak	3	3	Saltator fuliginosus
MAMMALS
Big-eared Oppossum	X		Didelphis aurita
Brown-throated Three-toed Sloth	X		Bradypus variegatus
Wied's Black-tufted-ear Marmoset	X		Callithrix kuhlii
Black-tufted-ear Marmoset	X		Callithrix penicillata
Thin-spined Porcupine	X		Chaetomys subspinosus
Rock Cavy	X		Kerodon rupestris
Mountain Lion	X		Puma concolor
REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS
Venezuela Snouted Tree Frog	X		Scinax x-signatus
Miranda's White-lipped Frog	X		Leptodactylus macrosternum
robber frog species	X		Pristimantis sp.
Cururu Toad	X		Rhinella diptycha
Tropical House Gecko	X		Hemidactylus mabouia
Meridian Gecko	X		Coleodactylus meridionalis
Giant Ameiva	X		Ameiva ameiva
Argentine Black-and-white Tegu	X		Salvator merianae
lava lizard species	X		Tropidurus sp.
Peters' Lava Lizard	X		Tropidurus hispidus
Striped Lava Lizard	X		Tropidurus semitaeniatus
BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS
Banded Yellow	X		Eurema elathea
Florida White	X		Glutophrissa drusilla
Apricot Sulphur	X		Phoebis argante
Marcellina Sulphur	X		Phoebis marcellina
Orange-barred Sulphur	X		Phoebis philea
undescribed hairstreak	X		Atlides sp.
Pale-clubbed Hairstreak	X		Denivia hemon
Eremica Hairstreak	X		Strymon eremica
Hanno Blue	X		Hemiargus hanno
Cassius Blue	X		Leptotes cassius
cuckoo metalmark	X		Aricoris sp.
Thucydides Euselasia	X		Euselasia thucydides
Icare White Metalmark	X		Leucochimona icare

Terpsichore Rayed Metalmark	X	Lyropteryx terpsichore
False Nymphidium	X	Synargis calyce
Four-spotted Sailor	X	Dynamine postverta
Orsis Bluewing	X	Myscela orsis
Silver-studded Leafwing	X	Hypna clytemnestra
Actinote species	X	Actinote sp.
Southern Monarch	X	Danaus erippus
Gulf Fritillary	X	Dione vanillae
Julia Heliconian	X	Dryas iulia
Juliette	X	Eueides aliphera
Phyllis Longwing	X	Heliconius erato phyllis
Ethilla Longwing	X	Heliconius ethilla
Smooth-banded Sister	X	Adelpha cytherea
Iphicleola Sister	X	Adelpha iphicleola
Banded Peacock	X	Anartia fatima
White Peacock	X	Anartia jatrophae
South American Tropical Buckeye	X	Junonia evarete
owlet butterfly	X	Brassolis sp.
Common Morpho	X	Morpho helenor
Menelaus Morpho	X	Morpho menelaus
Metella Ruby-eye	X	Carystus metella
Pharaxnor Scarlet-eye	X	Dyscophellus pharaxnor
Lento species	X	Lento sp.
Fantastic Ruby-eye	X	Lycas argentea
Menestries Skipper	X	Paracarystus menestries
Hammock Skipper	X	Polygonus leo
Zikan's moth-butterfly	X	Macrosoma zikani
undescribed white moth-butterfly	X	Macrosoma sp. nov. 2
Decrescens Silk Moth	X	Copaxa decrescens
Black Witch	X	Ascalapha odorata
MISCELLANEOUS INVERTEBRATES
tarantula	X	Dolichothele sp.
toothless wandering spider	X	Enoploctenus sp.
Perty's Wandering Spider	X	Phoneutria pertyi
desert wolf spider	X	Odo vittatus
Camacan harvestman	X	Cajango camacanensis
white horse fly	X	Leucotabanus sp.
rhinoceros beetle	X	Bothynus entellus
tortoise beetle	X	Mesomphalia variolaris
longhorn beetle	X	Juiaparus sp.
ornamented treehopper	X	Bocydium sp.

tiny clicking cicada	X	tribe Parnisini
desert bullet ant	X	Dinoponera sp.
white-tipped tarantula hawk	X	Pepsis sp.
Red-headed Polybia Wasp	X	Polybia ruficeps
Hercules Skimmer	X	Libellula herculea
Carmine Skimmer	X	Orthemis discolor
Sooty Saddlebags	X	Tramea binotata
pasture glider	X	Tauriphila sp.
shiny crickets	X	Lutosa sp.
detritus-mimic grasshopper	X	Pycnosarcus atavus

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

BRIEF ITINERARY

Day 1: Arrivals

Day 2: Drive to Canudos, arriving for lunch, birding near Indigo Macaw lodge in afternoon. Sunny, to 94°F, breezy.

Day 3: Indigo Macaw reserve and nearby roads all morning, Canudos reservoir after lunch, and Canion de Maritacas in the evening. Sunny, 68-94°F.

Day 4: Early morning at Indigo Macaw reserve, rest of day drive to Lençóis with stops a three ponds, incluing Lago do Dete in Capim Grosso. Sunny, 68-92°F.

Day 5: All morning in the Palmeiras area south to Volta da Serra; afternoon to Remanso dirt road. Mostly to partly cloudy, 65-88°F.

Day 6: Early morning on Remanso road, rest of morning in Morro do Pai Ináçio area. Afternoon drive to Mucugê with late afternoon birding near town.

Day 7: Mucugê area all day, including Fazenda Dois Irmãos and Byzantine cemetery all morning; afternoon to Mirante Cascalheira trail and highway. Overcast early becoming mostly sunny, 66-87°F.

Day 8: Earl morning to Mucugê waterfalls trail, rest of day drive to Boa Nova. Afternoon to bromeliad forest and rocky outcrop near town. Sunny morning, scattered thunderstorms mid-day, 65-85°F.

Day 9: Boa Nova wet forest all morning, afternoon to Torre/Antenna Rd and Fazenda Lajedão. Mostly sunny, 68-88°F.

Day 10: Early morning on lower Boa Nova Torre/Antenna Rd, rest of day drive to Serra Bonita with stops, late afternoon near rooms at Serra Bonita. Partly cloudy, 66-90°F.

Day 11: All day at Serra Bonita: Lower road and antenna rd in morning, upper road in afternoon. Foggy early then mostly sunny, 62-82°F.

Day 12: Day day at Serra Bonita: near rooms, antenna road, and bromeliad trail in morning, afternoon on main road below antenna rd junction. Sunny, 62-84°.

Day 13: Serra Bonita on main road and Fazenda Paris, rest of day drive to Porto Serguo; afternoon to mangroves and Estação Veracel. Sunny, 62-90°F.

Day 14: Porto Seguro mangroves and Estação Veracel until mid-morning. Departures after lunch. Sunny, 62- 86°F.